Rossio, one of Lisbon’s main plazas, is an aristocratic lady who has seen it all: war and peace, prosperity and poverty. Bullfights were once staged in the middle of the square. In 1515, King Manuel arranged a duel in Terreiro do Paço between an elephant and a rhinoceros. At the sight of its armored opponent, the elephant panicked, broke its enclosure, and fled toward Rossio.

Even its monuments have improbable histories. The statue of D. Pedro IV, King of Portugal and Emperor of Brazil, was inaugurated by his daughter, D. Maria II, but the monument remained unfinished for fourteen years. Finally, in 1867, a tall column was erected. A statue of Emperor Maximilian happened to be in Lisbon in transit to Mexico when news arrived that he had been shot. Rumor has it that the statue was bought at a discount and used in Rossio.  It was a fine way to save money, since all emperors look alike atop a high column.